When a reptile comes in for a consult there is something just as important as the clinical examination itself and that is getting a history from the owner. The history would sometimes identify major issues even before the patient is seen!

Part of the history would be about the patient itself - the age, how long it has been with the owner, is it a routine check or if the owner has any concerns. If any concerns are raised questions would be asked about symptoms, duration and possibly lots of other questions depending on the specific case.

Some of the most important questions asked during a consult will not be about the patient itself but about the husbandry. The reason why these questions are so important is the fact that a very large percentage of abnormalities seen in reptiles will be directly related to the way they are kept and fed.

Following are the most frequent questions that I ask about husbandry during a reptile consult:

How big is the enclosure?
What are the temperatures inside the enclosure?
Is a UVB light used?
What is the main diet?
What substrate is used?

The one question that I would like to touch on today is about the temperatures. I say temperatures and not temperature because there should be different temperatures in different areas inside the enclosure. Temperatures will differ between day and night, and also between seasons. We are at the beginning of winter and this is the season when many of my patients would develop problems secondary to temperature issues, especially respiratory infections related to low temperatures.

First, it is important that temperatures are physically measured in the warm and cool areas and also at different times of the day. Usually last thing in the afternoon and first thing in the morning. If we know what the actual temperatures are we can make adjustments where needed. I have seen many patients over the years where simple temperature adjustments made all the difference in the world - in many cases a lifesaving difference.

It is important to have not only the correct temperature but to have the correct temperature gradient for the species. By gradient I mean the correct temperature on the warm side and also the correct temperature on the cool side.

These temperatures are species specific but as a very general rule it would be about 35-40 degrees celsius in the basking spot and 25 degrees celsius or slightly lower in the cool area. The 35-40 degrees celsius mentioned is for the basking spot directly under the heatlamp - not for the whole of the warm side of the enclosure. Make sure to adjust these parameters for specific species if needed - there is a lot of information available on the specifics.

If the temperature in the basking is increased, it is crucial to make sure that the cool side doesn’t get too hot. The temperature gradient is essential. Permanent damage or even death can result if the cool end overheats. It is usually easier to create a gradient in a larger enclosure compared to a very small one.

The materials used in the construction of the enclosure will have a big influence on the temperatures. It would be much easier to maintain higher temperatures in a wooden cage with a glass front compared to a glass enclosure with a mesh top, even if the same setting on the thermostat is used.

Another very important factor to consider is the room temperature. It might be very difficult to keep the warm end warm enough in an icy cold room during winter. It would also be impossible to keep the cool end cool enough in a very hot room during the summer. I often see reptiles with respiratory symptoms that have been kept in the same enclosure with the same thermostat settings for years, but the enclosure has been moved to a cooler room.

To brumate or not to brumate? There are any opinions -some of my clients cool their reptiles down during the winter, some don’t. If you do decide to lower the temperatures during the winter make sure that is species specific. I have seen many reptiles coming from a warm area like Darwin being cooled down in a cold Adelaide winter, which resulted in major issues. If any respiratory symptoms like raspy breathing or bubbles from the nostrils or mouth is seen get the temperatures up and book in for a vet visit as soon as possible.

I do also see some patients with issues where no heat is provided during the night - especially during the winter.

To summarise my blog - physically measure the temperatures in your reptile enclosure, make sure they are species specific and adjust them as needed.

Enjoy your reptiles and may they have a happy and uneventful winter!

Dr Christo

Thankyou everyone for voting on March nominations, we had fantastic and interesting names come through and some close results.

The winner for March is ‘Salvador the Border Collie X Kelpie".Congratulations and please pop into the clinic to collect your Delicia coffee voucher.

Please hit the link below for "Pet Name of the Month April"

Pet Name of the Month - April

Arthritis, otherwise known as DJD (degenerative joint disease), is an irreversible, degenerative condition affecting the joints of many middle-aged to senior pets.

It can develop naturally with aging or occur due to factors such as previous joint injuries or developmental joint disorders (e.g. hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia).

If your pet is developing degenerative joint disease, here are the four “D-J-Do’s” that we recommend to keep your pet comfy and support their long-term joint health!

1. Weight management

Ensuring that your pet’s body condition is slim and healthy is a key step in treating arthritis, as being overweight puts extra strain on their joints and can limit their ability to exercise.

For an assessment of your pet’s weight and advice on how to safely help overweight pets return to a healthy body weight, consult our knowledgeable team.

2. Management of inflammation and pain

Fortunately, there are a variety of long-term medication options that help relieve pain and inflammation in pets affected by arthritis, even those with other organ health issues.

These include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, long-acting pain relief injections, medications to reduce your pet’s sensitivity to pain, and general joint health support products (also known as chondroprotective agents) such as pentosan polysulfate injections and omega-3 supplements.

3. Help at home

You can help pets with reduced mobility to move around safely and more easily by placing carpets or non-slip matting tracks along common routes around the house.

We also recommend keeping claws short, and providing thick, padded bedding (placed in a warm room during cold weather) to keep your pet’s joints feeling comfortable.

4. Appropriate exercise

It’s essential that pets with arthritis are encouraged to perform daily, low-impact exercise (such as walking or swimming), as this will improve their joint mobility, maintain their muscle mass, and help control their weight.

For more personalised advice on safely and effectively supporting your arthritic pet’s quality of life and comfort, consult our veterinary team.

When we think about cruciate ligament injuries, we tend to think about athletes suddenly limping off the field with severe knee pain.

This can be the case with dogs too, as high-impact exercise has the potential to trigger sudden knee problems. However, cruciate disease in dogs commonly presents as a more chronic (long-term) issue. Here’s how we can recognise chronic cruciate disease in dogs, and what can be done about it:

What is chronic cruciate disease?
Cruciate ligaments are located within the knee joint and help to stabilise the joint and allow it to bear weight. Chronic cruciate disease involves gradual damage and tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee joint, causing pain, inflammation, and progressive instability in the knee.

Overweight dogs, particularly larger, heavier breeds such as labradors, retrievers, rottweilers, and Staffordshire Bull Terriers are especially predisposed to the disease.

How do we diagnose cruciate disease?
Dogs with chronic cruciate disease commonly show intermittent hindlimb lameness, which may worsen after vigorous exercise, but temporarily improve after several days of rest.

Eventually, when the ligament completely tears, the dog may experience a lot of pain, and be reluctant or unable to bear any weight on the leg at all.

If we suspect cruciate disease in a dog, a general anaesthetic will often be recommended - so that the dog is relaxed and not tensing in pain, and a proper physical examination, and x-rays - can be performed to diagnose cruciate disease and any secondary degenerative changes to the knee joint.

How can cruciate ligament damage be treated?
For larger breed dogs with cruciate ligament damage, surgical repair is usually recommended. While surgery helps to stabilise the knee joint, and gives the best chance of a return to normal or near-normal knee function, as time goes on many dogs who have damaged their cruciate ligament are likely to develop secondary arthritis that can be managed with proactive joint support therapies.

For more information on supporting your pet’s joint health and comfort, have a chat with our knee-knowledgeable veterinary team.

Poppy the Border Collie was excitedly running around the off-leash park with her ball when she suddenly yelped and held up her front left paw.

Her owner Andy tried to have a look, but Poppy was too sore to be cooperative. Agitated, Poppy continued to limp and frequently licked her paw.

Andy decided to take Poppy to the veterinary clinic for an assessment of her injury, where she greeted the vet Sarah with a wagging tail. Andy warned Sarah that Poppy seemed very sore, and said he was happy to hold her firmly for this part of the examination. Poppy was cooperative for her general physical examination, but then became very tense and tried to snap when Sarah went to examine her left forelimb. Sarah wasn’t able to perform a proper assessment but discussed with Andy the common causes of sudden foot pain, such as paw pad cuts, bee stings, or broken nails.

As Poppy was otherwise in good general health, the veterinarian Sarah recommended to Andy that Poppy should undergo sedation to reduce her stress and facilitate any treatment required.

After Sarah and the veterinary nurse gave Poppy a sedative injection, she relaxed and became sleepy. Sarah was then able to thoroughly inspect Poppy’s paw and discover that poor Poppy had torn one of her claws near the nail base.

While still under sedation, Sarah was able to administer some local anaesthetic medication to Poppy’s affected toe to numb the area. She then removed the broken nail portion, cleaned the area, and applied a light protective bandage to Poppy’s paw. Sarah dispensed some anti-inflammatory pain relief medication to keep Poppy comfortable at home.

After a week or so of protective bandages (which had to be kept clean and dry), Poppy’s broken nail site was sufficiently healed, and comfortable once more.

Dogs helping slow learners become confident readers

Who inspires you to tackle your biggest challenges? Perhaps a famous actor, an athlete or a world leader? What about a teacher, a partner or a friend… or even a pet? Piper the Labrador is part of the ‘Story Dogs’ reading program, an initiative that aims to give young children who struggle with reading a calm, engaging environment to practise their skills. Supervised by volunteer Helen Barnett, children in the program are encouraged to read stories aloud to Piper, as she relaxes beside them. Based on a US model, the program now operates across 355 Australian primary schools, with 560 volunteers (and their furry friends) helping struggling students become confident, competent readers. “We get these young students who are struggling with their reading, it's not a happy place for them, and we turn that around to make reading fun, so they want to come to school and they want to read,” said Jane Sigly, who co-founded the Australian leg of the program 14 years ago. Ms Sigly plans to expand the program into the Northern Territory and beyond, and is continuing to recruit volunteers to support the growth of the program. Piper's owner, Helen, is a retired teacher herself, and together with Piper, she visits the grade two students of Kempsey East Primary School twice weekly. “The pleasure from seeing the children's confidence and reading skills improve is our reward; the dog's reward is getting lots of treats and pats.” As for Piper herself? She's living proof that you don’t need to be a big star to inspire young people to greatness. In fact, she can even do it in her sleep!

Learn more about the ‘Story Dogs’ reading program on the ABC News website.

Pictured: Charlie Pasco reads to Helen Barnett and Piper at Kempsey. Image Source: ABC Mid North Coast, Emma Siossian.

Calling for greater recognition of Australia's animal war heroes

No matter who they are or where they come from, to not acknowledge our veterans for their service and sacrifice is simply un-Australian. Historically, dogs, cats, horses, donkeys and even pigeons were routinely transported overseas to serve alongside soldiers and medical staff in a wide variety of roles, providing vital assistance to Australian forces for many years. During WWII, homing pigeons enabled vital communication for RAF pilots, and Horrie the dog would warn of incoming enemy aircraft. One war dog sent to Vietnam famously alerted soldiers to an unexploded land mine without being trained in that skill, and others were able to track days-old scent trails for up to 16km. However, even if these amazing animals managed to save the lives of Australian soldiers, and stay alive themselves, they were never to return home. Though it’s commonly understood that soldiers themselves had great respect for their animals, they were nonetheless consistently left behind at the end of the war. Today, veteran animals do return to Australia at the end of their service, usually living with the servicemen and women who handled them during service, however, they do not receive a pension. "[Without a pension] it means the dog's handler has to fork out money for vet bills once it retires," said Nigel Allsop, president of the Australian War Animal Memorial Organisation. “Nine million animals died in the First World War on both sides and it's important to recognise the deeds and sacrifices of all animals that served alongside soldiers.”

Read more about Australia’s history with war animals and how advocates want to see them recognised on the ABC News website.

Labradoodle puppies born after WA puppy farm rescue

In January last year the RSPCA raided and removed 39 Labradoodles, including several pregnant bitches, from squalid conditions on a puppy farm in Bridgetown, Western Australia. Highly anxious and traumatised, the dogs have since been placed with carefully chosen foster carers who will be responsible for their training, socialisation and rehabilitation, until court proceedings finish, whereupon the dogs will be rehomed permanently. While they’re not quite 101 Dalmatians, they’re more than halfway there: the recent birth of 16 new puppies has raised the total number of Labradoodles involved in the rescue operation to 55. "We spend lots of time in their kennels just talking to them and going really slow, trying to get them to learn to trust us and build their confidence," said Richelle Beswick, Coordinator of Behaviour and Foster at RSPCA. "That could be as simple as sitting down and reading a book to them."
The dog’s original owner has since been fined over $100,000 for animal cruelty, and animal welfare groups continue to campaign for legislation of puppy farming in WA and further legislation for ethical breeding practices, such as the Dog Amendment (Stop Puppy Farming) Act 2021. "It is our hope that the legislation will reduce the number of puppy farms," Ms Beswick said.

Read more about the Labradoodle rescue operation on the ABC News website.

Hip dysplasia is a joint condition commonly seen in dogs (but also sometimes in cats), and is thought to occur due to a number of genetic and environmental factors.

Here’s what you need to know about hip dysplasia, and how we can help to ensure that your pet’s hips stay in top shape:

What is hip dysplasia?
Hip dysplasia is a developmental joint condition involving excessive looseness in a hip joint. This can cause gradual subluxation (partial dislocation) of the joint, which can be painful, and often leads to secondary arthritis in the hip joint in the long-term.

Which dogs are at risk of hip dysplasia?
Dogs most commonly affected by hip dysplasia include larger breeds, such as Labradors, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, German Shepherds and Dogue de Bordeaux. English and French Bulldogs are also more likely to have the condition.

Genetically-predisposed pets may also be more likely to develop signs of hip dysplasia under the influence of particular environmental factors, such as being overweight during puppyhood and adulthood, or receiving excess calcium or vitamin D supplementation during their younger years of growth.

Can I prevent hip dysplasia in my pet?
If you are purchasing a breed of dog with a higher risk of hip dysplasia, it is recommended to source them from a breeder who has had veterinary hip screening tests performed on their breeding dogs, and can confirm that both of the pups’ parents have good hip scores.

Our vets may also recommend hip screening x-rays around 16 weeks of age in puppies at risk of hip dysplasia, or in any pet that shows signs of hindlimb lameness or discomfort.

Keeping your pet’s body condition slim and healthy throughout their life will also help to maximise their long-term joint health and comfort.

Can hip dysplasia be treated?
Depending on the severity of hip dysplasia and the age at which it has been diagnosed, our vets may recommend surgical treatment or medical management with pain relief and chondroprotective supplements (joint support products).

For more information on pet hip health, consult our orthopaedically-educated vets!

The scientific journal Animal Feed Science and Technology has published exciting new research into an Australian supplement that dramatically reduces the methane emissions of cows.

The study found that when added to food stock as a supplement, Asparagopsis armata, a native red seaweed of South Australia, was capable of reducing methane emissions by between 80-98%. Impressive! So, how does it work?

The seaweed itself is rich in bromoform, a substance that inhibits the production of methane typically released (in the form of burps and wind) by ruminant animals like cows, sheep and camels.
“Say a cow's dry matter intake is 14 kilos a day," said CH4 Australia general manager Adam Main. "The amount of seaweed we'd need to give it is less than a squash ball — it's 50 grams.”

The supplement is available in the form of freeze-dried powder or infused oil, the good news is not much product is required to produce significant results without affecting the quality of the milk produced. And if Victoria can lower its methane emissions from agriculture by 80%, that could be the equivalent of taking two million cars off roads.

However, managing the amount of food an animal may consume is difficult outside of a feedlot, meaning further research is necessary to develop technology suitable for supplementing broadacre cattle farms.

Read more about the study and the red seaweed trial on the ABC News website.

Pictured: Asparagopsis armata seaweed growing naturally. Image source: FutureFeed

We’re guessing that you probably don’t think much about your cat’s claws unless they’re scratching at your furniture!

But here are three important things to remember about your cats’ claws:

1. Scratching is natural

Scratching is a natural feline behaviour, and serves several functions:

• Sending visual and scent signals to other cats
• Keeping claws short and sharp
• Providing some enjoyable mental stimulation and physical exercise

• Sturdy, so it won’t move around as the cat is using it
• Tall enough for the cat to stand up and stretch out fully
• Located in an area of the house where your cat likes to be active
• Covered in a texture that the cat can sink their claws into, like carpet or cardboard

2. Some cats will require help to keep their claws in check

With feline nails growing one-to-two millimeters per week, indoor cats without access to abrasive scratching surfaces, and older cats who find it difficult to scratch vigorously, will require some human help to prevent painful claw overgrowth.

We advise trimming an indoor or less active cat’s claws every four-to-six weeks. Please consult our helpful team if you are unsure how to achieve this safely and painlessly - for both you and your cat!

3. Claw diseases can occur

As well as claw overgrowth or breakage, feline toes and nail beds can also be affected by other issues such as bacterial or fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, and tumours.

Please consult our veterinary team if you notice any changes in your cat’s claw thickness or texture, or if you notice any discharge, redness or swelling around their nail beds. Our vets are pretty sharp when it comes to claw health!

This email contains comments of a general nature only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional veterinary advice. It should not be relied on as the basis for whether you do or don't do anything. 

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